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+# Emscripten
+
+## The state of things
+
+(As of October 2024, but things move quickly and we don't update this
+document often.)
+
+In modern times, all the browsers you probably care about (Chrome, Firefox,
+Edge, and Safari, on Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS and Android), support some
+reasonable base configurations:
+
+- WebAssembly (don't bother with asm.js any more)
+- WebGL (which will look like OpenGL ES 2 or 3 to your app).
+- Threads (see caveats, though!)
+- Game controllers
+- Autoupdating (so you can assume they have a recent version of the browser)
+
+All this to say we're at the point where you don't have to make a lot of
+concessions to get even a fairly complex SDL-based game up and running.
+
+
+## RTFM
+
+This document is a quick rundown of some high-level details. The
+documentation at [emscripten.org](https://emscripten.org/) is vast
+and extremely detailed for a wide variety of topics, and you should at
+least skim through it at some point.
+
+
+## Porting your app to Emscripten
+
+Many many things just need some simple adjustments and they'll compile
+like any other C/C++ code, as long as SDL was handling the platform-specific
+work for your program.
+
+First: assembly language code has to go. Replace it with C. You can even use
+[x86 SIMD intrinsic functions in Emscripten](https://emscripten.org/docs/porting/simd.html)!
+
+Second: Middleware has to go. If you have a third-party library you link
+against, you either need an Emscripten port of it, or the source code to it
+to compile yourself, or you need to remove it.
+
+Third: If your program starts in a function called main(), you need to get
+out of it and into a function that gets called repeatedly, and returns quickly,
+called a mainloop.
+
+Somewhere in your program, you probably have something that looks like a more
+complicated version of this:
+
+```c
+void main(void)
+{
+    initialize_the_game();
+    while (game_is_still_running) {
+        check_for_new_input();
+        think_about_stuff();
+        draw_the_next_frame();
+    }
+    deinitialize_the_game();
+}
+```
+
+This will not work on Emscripten, because the main thread needs to be free
+to do stuff and can't sit in this loop forever. So Emscripten lets you set up
+a [mainloop](https://emscripten.org/docs/porting/emscripten-runtime-environment.html#browser-main-loop).
+
+```c
+static void mainloop(void)   /* this will run often, possibly at the monitor's refresh rate */
+{
+    if (!game_is_still_running) {
+        deinitialize_the_game();
+        #ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+        emscripten_cancel_main_loop();  /* this should "kill" the app. */
+        #else
+        exit(0);
+        #endif
+    }
+
+    check_for_new_input();
+    think_about_stuff();
+    draw_the_next_frame();
+}
+
+void main(void)
+{
+    initialize_the_game();
+    #ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+    emscripten_set_main_loop(mainloop, 0, 1);
+    #else
+    while (1) { mainloop(); }
+    #endif
+}
+```
+
+Basically, `emscripten_set_main_loop(mainloop, 0, 1);` says "run
+`mainloop` over and over until I end the program." The function will
+run, and return, freeing the main thread for other tasks, and then
+run again when it's time. The `1` parameter does some magic to make
+your main() function end immediately; this is useful because you
+don't want any shutdown code that might be sitting below this code
+to actually run if main() were to continue on, since we're just
+getting started.
+
+Another option is to use SDL' main callbacks, which handle this for you
+without platform-specific code in your app. Please refer to
+[the wiki](https://wiki.libsdl.org/SDL3/README/main-functions#main-callbacks-in-sdl3)
+or `docs/README-main-functions.md` in the SDL source code.
+
+
+
+There's a lot of little details that are beyond the scope of this
+document, but that's the biggest initial set of hurdles to porting
+your app to the web.
+
+
+## Do you need threads?
+
+If you plan to use threads, they work on all major browsers now. HOWEVER,
+they bring with them a lot of careful considerations. Rendering _must_
+be done on the main thread. This is a general guideline for many
+platforms, but a hard requirement on the web.
+
+Many other things also must happen on the main thread; often times SDL
+and Emscripten make efforts to "proxy" work to the main thread that
+must be there, but you have to be careful (and read more detailed
+documentation than this for the finer points).
+
+Even when using threads, your main thread needs to set an Emscripten
+mainloop (or use SDL's main callbacks) that runs quickly and returns, or
+things will fail to work correctly.
+
+You should definitely read [Emscripten's pthreads docs](https://emscripten.org/docs/porting/pthreads.html)
+for all the finer points. Mostly SDL's thread API will work as expected,
+but is built on pthreads, so it shares the same little incompatibilities
+that are documented there, such as where you can use a mutex, and when
+a thread will start running, etc.
+
+
+IMPORTANT: You have to decide to either build something that uses
+threads or something that doesn't; you can't have one build
+that works everywhere. This is an Emscripten (or maybe WebAssembly?
+Or just web browsers in general?) limitation. If you aren't using
+threads, it's easier to not enable them at all, at build time.
+
+If you use threads, you _have to_ run from a web server that has
+[COOP/COEP headers set correctly](https://web.dev/why-coop-coep/)
+or your program will fail to start at all.
+
+If building with threads, `__EMSCRIPTEN_PTHREADS__` will be defined
+for checking with the C preprocessor, so you can build something
+different depending on what sort of build you're compiling.
+
+
+## Audio
+
+Audio works as expected at the API level, but not exactly like other
+platforms.
+
+You'll only see a single default audio device. Audio recording also works;
+if the browser pops up a prompt to ask for permission to access the
+microphone, the SDL_OpenAudioDevice call will succeed and start producing
+silence at a regular interval. Once the user approves the request, real
+audio data will flow. If the user denies it, the app is not informed and
+will just continue to receive silence.
+
+Modern web browsers will not permit web pages to produce sound before the
+user has interacted with them (clicked or tapped on them, usually); this is
+for several reasons, not the least of which being that no one likes when a
+random browser tab suddenly starts making noise and the user has to scramble
+to figure out which and silence it.
+
+SDL will allow you to open the audio device for playback in this
+circumstance, and your audio callback will fire, but SDL will throw the audio
+data away until the user interacts with the page. This helps apps that depend
+on the audio callback to make progress, and also keeps audio playback in sync
+once the app is finally allowed to make noise.
+
+There are two reasonable ways to deal with the silence at the app level:
+if you are writing some sort of media player thing, where the user expects
+there to be a volume control when you mouseover the canvas, just default
+that control to a muted state; if the user clicks on the control to unmute
+it, on this first click, open the audio device. This allows the media to
+play at start, and the user can reasonably opt-in to listening.
+
+Many games do not have this sort of UI, and are more rigid about starting
+audio along with everything else at the start of the process. For these, your
+best bet is to write a little Javascript that puts up a "Click here to play!"
+UI, and upon the user clicking, remove that UI and then call the Emscripten
+app's main() function. As far as the application knows, the audio device was
+available to be opened as soon as the program started, and since this magic
+happens in a little Javascript, you don't have to change your C/C++ code at
+all to make it happen.
+
+Please see the discussion at https://github.com/libsdl-org/SDL/issues/6385
+for some Javascript code to steal for this approach.
+
+
+## Rendering
+
+If you use SDL's 2D render API, it will use GLES2 internally, which
+Emscripten will turn into WebGL calls. You can also use OpenGL ES 2
+directly by creating a GL context and drawing into it.
+
+If the browser (and hardware) support WebGL 2, you can create an OpenGL ES 3
+context.
+
+Calling SDL_RenderPresent (or SDL_GL_SwapWindow) will not actually
+present anything on the screen until your return from your mainloop
+function.
+
+
+## Building SDL/emscripten
+
+
+SDL currently requires at least Emscripten 3.16.0 to build. Newer versions
+are likely to work, as well.
+
+
+Build:
+
+This works on Linux/Unix and macOS. Please send comments about Windows.
+
+Make sure you've [installed emsdk](https://emscripten.org/docs/getting_started/downloads.html)
+first, and run `source emsdk_env.sh` at the command line so it finds the
+tools.
+
+(These cmake options might be overkill, but this has worked for me.)
+
+```bash
+mkdir build
+cd build
+emcmake cmake ..
+# you can also do `emcmake cmake -G Ninja ..` and then use `ninja` instead of this command.
+emmake make -j4
+```
+
+If you want to build with thread support, something like this works:
+
+```bash
+mkdir build
+cd build
+emcmake cmake -DSDL_THREADS=ON ..
+# you can also do `emcmake cmake -G Ninja ..` and then use `ninja` instead of this command.
+emmake make -j4
+```
+
+To build the tests, add `-DSDL_TESTS=ON` to the `emcmake cmake` command line.
+To build the examples, add `-DSDL_EXAMPLES=ON` to the `emcmake cmake` command line.
+
+
+## Building your app
+
+You need to compile with `emcc` instead of `gcc` or `clang` or whatever, but
+mostly it uses the same command line arguments as Clang.
+
+Link against the libSDL3.a file you generated by building SDL.
+
+Usually you would produce a binary like this:
+
+```bash
+gcc -o mygame mygame.c  # or whatever
+```
+
+But for Emscripten, you want to output something else:
+
+```bash
+emcc -o index.html mygame.c
+```
+
+This will produce several files...support Javascript and WebAssembly (.wasm)
+files. The `-o index.html` will produce a simple HTML page that loads and
+runs your app. You will (probably) eventually want to replace or customize
+that file and do `-o index.js` instead to just build the code pieces.
+
+If you're working on a program of any serious size, you'll likely need to
+link with `-s ALLOW_MEMORY_GROWTH=1 -s MAXIMUM_MEMORY=1gb` to get access
+to more memory. If using pthreads, you'll need the `-s MAXIMUM_MEMORY=1gb`
+or the app will fail to start on iOS browsers, but this might be a bug that
+goes away in the future.
+
+
+## Data files
+
+Your game probably has data files. Here's how to access them.
+
+Filesystem access works like a Unix filesystem; you have a single directory
+tree, possibly interpolated from several mounted locations, no drive letters,
+'/' for a path separator. You can access them with standard file APIs like
+open() or fopen() or SDL_IOStream. You can read or write from the filesystem.
+
+By default, you probably have a "MEMFS" filesystem (all files are stored in
+memory, but access to them is immediate and doesn't need to block). There are
+other options, like "IDBFS" (files are stored in a local database, so they
+don't need to be in RAM all the time and they can persist between runs of the
+program, but access is not synchronous). You can mix and match these file
+systems, mounting a MEMFS filesystem at one place and idbfs elsewhere, etc,
+but that's beyond the scope of this document. Please refer to Emscripten's
+[page on the topic](https://emscripten.org/docs/porting/files/file_systems_overview.html)
+for more info.
+
+The _easiest_ (but not the best) way to get at your data files is to embed
+them in the app itself. Emscripten's linker has support for automating this.
+
+```bash
+emcc -o index.html loopwave.c --embed-file ../test/sample.wav@/sounds/sample.wav
+```
+
+This will pack ../test/sample.wav in your app, and make it available at
+"/sounds/sample.wav" at runtime. Emscripten makes sure this data is available
+before your main() function runs, and since it's in MEMFS, you can just
+read it like you do on other platforms. `--embed-file` can also accept a
+directory to pack an entire tree, and you can specify the argument multiple
+times to pack unrelated things into the final installation.
+
+Note that this is absolutely the best approach if you have a few small
+files to include and shouldn't worry about the issue further. However, if you
+have hundreds of megabytes and/or thousands of files, this is not so great,
+since the user will download it all every time they load your page, and it
+all has to live in memory at runtime.
+
+[Emscripten's documentation on the matter](https://emscripten.org/docs/porting/files/packaging_files.html)
+gives other options and details, and is worth a read.
+
+
+## Debugging
+
+Debugging web apps is a mixed bag. You should compile and link with
+`-gsource-map`, which embeds a ton of source-level debugging information into
+the build, and make sure _the app source code is available on the web server_,
+which is often a scary proposition for various reasons.
+
+When you debug from the browser's tools and hit a breakpoint, you can step
+through the actual C/C++ source code, though, which can be nice.
+
+If you try debugging in Firefox and it doesn't work well for no apparent
+reason, try Chrome, and vice-versa. These tools are still relatively new,
+and improving all the time.
+
+SDL_Log() (or even plain old printf) will write to the Javascript console,
+and honestly I find printf-style debugging to be easier than setting up a build
+for proper debugging, so use whatever tools work best for you.
+
+
+## Questions?
+
+Please give us feedback on this document at [the SDL bug tracker](https://github.com/libsdl-org/SDL/issues).
+If something is wrong or unclear, we want to know!
+
+
+